Essay on SLP 1 INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS Web Browsers’ Utility

Paper on SLP 1 INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS Web Browsers’ Utility Exposition on SLP 1 INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY: TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS: Web Browsers’ Utility Article on SLP 1 INFORMATION NETWORKING AS TECHNOLOGY: TOOLS, USES, AND SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTERACTIONS: Web Browsers’ UtilityFormally straightforward PC programs, programs have really become the principle interface between the Internet and the man and the way how they play out their assignments decides our view of the virtual world. Be that as it may, the response to the inquiry â€Å"Which program is better?† isn't so basic and includes a few viewpoints, specifically, â€Å"Which program is progressively dependable while sparing data about the session?† or â€Å"Which program is faster?† or â€Å"Which program is more functional?†Further in this paper, we will give the primary aftereffects of commonsense relative investigation of Mozilla Firefox, Opera and Lunascape.First of all, it ought to be denoted that Mozilla Firefox is my standard program, generally on the grounds that it gives a full arrangement of web applications for working with mail, news , customer talk which could be broadly customized and enhanced with a great deal of additional items, both paid and free. The benefits of the program incorporate simple work with bookmarks, specifically, the capacity to import bookmarks from a formerly spared duplicate or from an alternate program. When working with various news and internet based life entries (The Economist, Pinterest, Taobao.com, and so on.), I’ve additionally assessed security in obstructing windows and the capacity to work with RSS, which has consistently been Firefox’s need in promoting (Jin et al., 2011, p.83). For the most part, Firefox security and protection settings spread all the fundamental highlights: they square phishing destinations and different noxious locales, Do Not Track mode permits blocking outsider treats. Likewise, Firefox 16 obviously shows the degree of security of a bank or an exchanging site (regardless of whether it is protected, with wellbeing being referred to, or the ass et isn't secure) by showing the relating symbol in the location bar, which has been not seen in other browsers.On the other hand, each of the three contenders have multi-tab benefits, the capacities for preferring most fascinating destinations, and autosave of information input, which are all vital while working at different locales at the same time (for example, making a similar inquiry demand in both Google and Yahoo, sticking tabs with live news, and opening Facebook and Twitter from top choices). The programs viable additionally offer an enhancement that works at crisis shutting, and after the dispatch, the program prompts to reestablish the last meeting. The last capacity, in any case, is essentially balanced in Lunascape, where on account of a blunder on any website page, just a single tab, not the whole program, gets closed.On the other hand, Mozilla Firefox is commonly overwhelming, and we need to concur with Grigorik (2013, p. 113) who comments that a great deal of its sett ings and expansions unfavorably influence the RAM by its occupation. This occasionally prompts dynamic lockup of every one of the all the while running procedures, which was especially striking as far as I can tell with ATP World visit site over-burden with blaze and Java content. In any case, similar issues were likewise seen in my work with the most recent Opera variant, which was especially irritating by not recalling recently spared testaments. In any case, Opera has chances to stack pages from the Internet quicker than different programs because of explicit techniques for traffic preparing by Opera Turbo. This capacity assists with working with moderate Internet and a generally low volume of accessible traffic. The application changes the page and afterward stacks it not from the server yet from the nearby stockpiling, for example text and essential structure components are stacked promptly followed by the media information, and design. Be that as it may, its work isn't general ly steady, and as training indicated it is obviously not reasonable for pages written in AJAX, as Garsiel (2013) explains.In this respect, we have to concentrate especially on the exhibition appeared by Lunascape. Here, it must be referenced that since its appearance available, Lunascape has been known as The World’s First Hybrid Engine Browser, as it is consolidating three of the most well known motors for handling and show site pages Gecko (utilized in Firefox), Trident (utilized in Internet Explorer) and WebKit ( utilized in Safari and Google Chrome) (Toto, 2008). Because of an advanced usage of Gecko innovation, this program is quicker than every other person in handling JavaScript situations, which was demonstrated by beginning Amazon.com. All things considered, despite the fact that the program engineers guarantee that Lunascape is twice quicker than Firefox in information preparing (information were acquired based on SunSpider Javascript Benchmark test results, Toto, 2 008), Lunascape 5 Alpha form for the most part begins more slow than its rivals. In any case, which progressively significant, the program offers the interesting capacity to rapidly switch between the three rendering modules. Hence, opening a site, you can indicate which of the three motors should open it, just as further relegate a specific motor to a specific page, and even test and think about the appearance and conduct of website pages with various rendering innovation. Because of this unusual arrangement, Lunascape disposes of the considerable number of issues related with cross-program similarity. Then again, this permitted designers to position Lunascape as an option in contrast to introducing a few distinct programs on one gadget, which I ordinarily do, by having Chrome, Opera, and Firefox all the while to utilize them for various errands. In any case, the fundamental downside of Lunascape is the absence of visual speed dial board, similar to those that can be found in Opera or Mozilla Firefox and affirmed their practical viability.On an entire, the usefulness and execution of each of the three programs demonstrated very idealistic outcomes, while the testing of Lunascape opened up new point of view includes a program may have, and its further utilization in my day by day life will be considered explicitly. Be that as it may, at sparing memory by turning off superfluous Mozilla additional items, it end up being quicker than others in handling information and Java situations, just as, to my abstract sentiment, consoled its authority in the instinct of plan and effortlessness of exemplification.

buy custom Ambulatory Care essay

purchase custom Ambulatory Care article Wandering consideration is a clinical consideration which is given on an outpatient case. Some clinical diseases don't require the patient to be admitted to the emergency clinic. They can be relieved while one is at home. These may incorporate; when one need to have a blood test, x-beams and numerous others. Network wellbeing focuses are the centers which are situated inside a network where the outpatients get their treatment from. Reciprocal and elective medications are the drugs utilized that are not up to the standard of a certified specialist or attendants. Elective medications allude to the treatment one get from a non qualified specialist. Reciprocal drugs allude to the treatment one uses alongside that treatment of a certified specialist. Psychological well-being tells the condition of soundness of an individual. Regardless of whether that individual is in an ordinary prosperity, or not (Hunter 2008). I have picked the articles on the sound approach, the expense of inability to order wellbeing changes by Garrett, Buettgens, Doan in March 2010. The other article is the way the National human services will influence various states a report by RAND Corporation in April 2011. In the expense of inability to authorize wellbeing changes articles, they are examining about the quantity of uninsured individuals in America will go up in five years to come. They are additionally discussing the quantity of the poor who spend on the states social insurance projects will be twofold continuously 2020, if there will be no significant acclimations to the ongoing medicinal services strategy. There is a gathering which did an exploration, and assessed the progressions announcing examples and social insurance costs that will happen broadly from 2010-2020, if significant changes are not done. The creator gives an assortment of scenes to assess the result. He says that in the most dreadful case by 2015, there will be a huge number of individuals who will be uninsured. The number will have expanded by 2020. What other place, tere were less individuals who were not protected in 2010. He includes that the center individuals will bear torment most without the alterations in light of the fact that the quantity of individuals without the wellbeing inclusion is going up. Workers from the little scope firms can't get protected on the grounds that the little firms are going down not offering protection in their organizations and by 2020 there will be extremely less little firms or none who will offer the protection. Also, the businesses who will be adding to the medical coverage will lay the weight to the workers in this way making them to contribute a portion of their cash in order to cook for the wellbeing administrations in this manner; their consumption will be extremely high b y 2020. The record presents the outcomes on crafted by the uninsured individuals by 2020 without the changes, giving wellbeing recompense by bosses, and the expansion of duties. There was a battle by RWJF to help for inclusion of wellbeing for all residents of the United States (Garrett Buettgens, 2010). On the other article about on how the National social insurance will influence various states, the RAND Corporation gave out the outcomes which the national human services changes will have on specific states, speculating the expanded expenses , and inclusion that are assessed in five unique states when the progressions are completely actualized by 2016. Among all the states determined; California, Montana, Connecticut, Texas, and Illinois, the quantity of uninsured individuals diminishes definitely under wellbeing changes. The state news inexact the aftereffects of the fundamental treatment state of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act on everything about five states. They likewise incorporates approximates of where the residents will get spread, and how it will adjust state consumption. As they get ready for the numerous prerequisites of human services transforms, they ought to likewise anticipate on what is coming down the road. The creator approximated how the wellbeing coverr improvement arrangements affected the quantity of state occupants who got or changed wellsprings of medical coverage. The changes they did in private, and open area use, and the plans they had. They build up out that huge number of the youngsters will choose to purchase the spread through protection associations being set up in each state to support each and everybody to get wellbeing inclusion. These approximations are to help on determination of the policymakers and authorities to anticipate the decisions that will most likely be wanted by insurance agencies, governments, just as people a scope of necessities of wellbeing upgrades are actualized (RAND Corporation, 2011). On my own viewpoint, the results given by the writers on every article are probably going to occur if extreme measures are not taken. On the expense of inability to establish wellbeing changes article, the little firms should ensure that they have a protection spread for wellbeing for every single laborer in their organizations. The crusade ought to likewise underscore on each resident of America to have wellbeing inclusion with the goal that it will cost them less on the off chance that they become ill. On the other article, it tells how the five states will profit when the wellbeing changes are actualized, and how every individual will profit. Wellbeing strategies are the strategies, choices, and procedures that are taken so as to achieve specific medicinal services targets inside the people.(Hunter 2008). In the event that these data about how every resident ought to be safeguarded, and how these wellbeing changes can be executed can be utilized by those policymakers, they should state that it ought to be obligatory for each other resident to be guaranteed. They ought to likewise ensure that this wellbeing changes are actualized and in doing so every other individual would be protected on the off chance that he falls debilitated in light of the fact that it will be more affordable for him to be dealt with, and he would get the best treatment. Purchase custom Ambulatory Care exposition

GetApp

GetApp In Barcelona we interviewed the founder and CEO of GetApp,  Christophe Primault. GetApp is a marketplace for business applications that helps companies find the right app.Christophe provided some insights why its better to start your company in Spain instead of in the US, how the business model works, some market statistics, as well as great advice for first time entrepreneurs.Interviewer: Hi. Today we are in Barcelona with GetApp. Christopher, who are you and what do you do?Christopher: Good morning. I’m Christopher, I’m the CEO of GetApp. I founded this company five years ago with Manuel, my cofounder. We are a marketplace for business applications where businesses of all sizes come and discover applications for their business.Interviewer: How did you come up with this business idea?Christopher: Both Manuel and I, in our previous jobs, were facing this issue about to how to get products distributed in the new world of cloud computing and online. We realized that there was no so lution in place, so we decided to build one.Interviewer: What did you do before you started this company?Christopher: I started my career at NCR, which is not a startup, it’s a big American company that has been there for ages, and I spent 15 years there. I ended up being the VP of Global Marketing, and then decided to do something a bit more entrepreneurial. So I built my first startup which was about data integrity and security. This startup really failed. So that was my previous experience before GetApp.Interviewer: Did you found this startup or did you just join them?Christopher: Actually I joined the startup but at the very very beginning.Interviewer: Can you tell us a little bit more about the business model of GetApp?Christopher: GetApp has two value propositions for two main stakeholders. For businesses, we help them discover business applications wherever they need to find them, it can be searching on the web, it can be searching on their mobile, it can be when they use a nother application and they want to find an additional feature that is integrated with the application they’re currently using. So that’s our value proposition to them. Wherever you are, you will find new applications that are suitable for your business, and GetApp will help you discover the right one.Our second biggest stakeholders are our clients. They are developers of businesses applications, it can be Software as a Service providers, or native mobile applications. For these companies we serve as an online distribution channel. We are generation leads for them online. They come to GetApp, they give us information about their product, we review their product independently, and then we organize this information so that people who really need the application find it.Interviewer: For these businesses can you cluster them as related to some industries or so, maybe you have more focus on one industry?Christopher: Today we mostly deal with what we call horizontal applications, or a pplications that offer a feature that can be used in any industry. As an example, customer relationship management, or project management, or an accounting online software. This is currently the core of our business, but the market is developing a lot towards vertical applications, applications for the life science industry, applications for the retail industry, or ecommerce industry, so more and more we’re going to this space. Rather than selling verticals today, we sell more horizontal solutions, but verticalizing our marketplace is definitely on the agenda.Interviewer: So the revenue model basically works like this that you get paid for the lead from the app developers?Christopher: It works very much like Google. We feature applications and we get paid for that. It is pretty clear for the client, for the end user that the application they’re looking at has featured. And then we get paid per click or per lead. Sometimes we also have revenue sharing every month with our clients .Interviewer: In terms of corporate strategy, what do you think are the main drivers that make you company stand out of the crowd?Christopher: First of all the main market driver is that more and more companies are testing and buying cloud-based software or native mobile software, just because it’s easier to get started with it and also it’s cheaper than traditional software. Today it represents about 7% of the total business software market, but it’s growing much faster than the traditional software. And there’s no established distribution channel for this new part of the software industry. And this the space we want to grab. So GetApp’s intention is to become the dominant distribution platform for the online business application industry.Let’s talk about the global market. What has made us successful in the last five years is two main things. The first one is customer service, we are extremely focused on making our clients happy. We never compromise on the quality of t he traffic we are sending to them, the quality of the leads that we are sending to them. And if our clients for some reason are unhappy, we are really on top of it to make sure that we understand why, and how we can fix it.The second scene is that from day one we’ve been very clear that we wanted to turn this business into a profitable business as soon as possible. So we’ve been very focused on selling and selling directly to the advertiser. I see a lot of young entrepreneurs who believe that they’ve got a great idea, and they put it on the web and expect people to come and buy. Usually it doesn’t happen, especially in the B2B world, which is our world. You need to establish your very close relationship with your clients, and it means talking on the phone with them, meeting them on a regular basis, understanding their needs, really paying attention to them. And both my cofounder and I come from this culture of where you’re nurturing the relationship with the client. We jus t put it into practice and that’s our main differentiator.Interviewer: What type of customers did you focus on first when you started this company?Christopher: Any one. We want more people to join our platform. But we started with the smaller or mid-sized business software developers, and as we gained credibility in the market we managed to break into the much larger players. You need to prove yourself before you can attract the big players in this world. And this is what we did. We still do our best to cater for smaller clients because they’re at the beginning and they are the ones who gave us a chance to succeed. But, clearly, as we are running the business we also need to pay application to our bigger customers.Interviewer: In terms of market development and this kind of distributing of apps, what is roughly the global market size, maybe in the US where you’re mainly focused?Christopher: Yes, we focus today mostly in the North American market, which represents 2/3 of the gl obal market. And we went there from scratch. We never intended to start anywhere else but in the US, although we are based Barcelona, and today this represents 90% of our market. Just to give you an example, the next markets are UK, Germany, but each of them represents about 6% or 7% of the total market size. So it’s pretty obvious where we need to get started.Now we’re starting to branch out into new countries. We’re French, so we picked France as our first date for expanding in new geographies. And we’re actually launching getapp.fr next month. So that gives you the size of the market. Today Software as a Service market, which is our core market, is about $40 billion dollar market. It depends on which analyst you talk to. In terms of marketing span in this industry, which is the market we’re going after, it’s currently about $2 billion dollars, and it’s increasing pretty rapidly.Interviewer: This $2 billion is only made for, let’s say, online marketing and mobile m arketing?Christopher: Yeah. I’m only talking about online marketing. The percentage of sales and marketing cost for software business developers, online marketing span represents roughly between 15% and 20% of their total budget.Interviewer: As you said that you were branching into new countries like France, etc., did you buy the web domains in the first place and secured that, because I can imagine, for example, it is the same with us, we have some ideas where we want to go next maybe in two, three, four, five years, we don’t know yet what we will do, so maybe we did not secure them right now.Christopher: We did a bit of that, but not as much as we should have done. The main reason is that we bootstrapped this company initially. So it was our own money and we were pretty careful in how to spend it. We bought a few country domain names, but not that many. Actually we let a very important one go because we just didn’t renew it, which was really stupid, so we make mistakes. But we went into the market and bought as many important country domain names as we could, which has cost us quite a lot of money.Interviewer: Did you raise some external money after you bootstrapped?Christopher: Yes, in 2011 we raised one million dollar, which is one of the biggest VCs in Spain, they’re a very efficient company and a profitable company now. It’s been very useful to get this capital, but we’ve really decided to grow and focus on the cash flow of the company to keep control and be independent from raising more money, although this is something we may have to do in order to ensure the growth to the level we believe we should be. So that’s where we are.Interviewer: At the point when you raised this money, had you been profitable already and just wanted to fuel your growth, or…?Christopher: No, at the time we were not, so they helped us making some important decisions that we would not have made only with bootstrapping. That was very useful. But now we are in a si tuation where we are profitable, and if we raise money it’s more for the growth and we do it in the right conditions for the good reasons.Interviewer: Christopher, we always try to teach some first-time entrepreneurs or people interested in entrepreneurship what not to do or what to focus on. Imaging your best friend calls you and says, ‘Hey Christopher, I’ve got a great business idea’, what advice would you give them?Christopher: I think the main advice â€" and it’s always difficult to say that to entrepreneurs, because to be an entrepreneur you need to be crazy, if you’re not it’s not real â€" but they need also to be very realistic about their own capabilities. There are things we are good at and things we are not good at. That’s for me and that’s for anybody. So my biggest advice would be go and talk to people who have been there, that have expertise, ask them to do some sanity checks at every step as an integral part of your business, and learn from others. As entrepreneurs we tend to be over-optimistic and believe that we know it all, and it’s not the case. So go out there, test your ideas with people who can tell you whether you are right or wrong or in the right direction, and at the end of the day you make up your mind on whether you want to listen to them or not. But at least take this piece of advice from people who maybe have more experience than you.Interviewer: Thank you very much Christopher.Christopher: You’re welcome, thanks for coming.

GetApp

GetApp In Barcelona we interviewed the founder and CEO of GetApp,  Christophe Primault. GetApp is a marketplace for business applications that helps companies find the right app.Christophe provided some insights why its better to start your company in Spain instead of in the US, how the business model works, some market statistics, as well as great advice for first time entrepreneurs.Interviewer: Hi. Today we are in Barcelona with GetApp. Christopher, who are you and what do you do?Christopher: Good morning. I’m Christopher, I’m the CEO of GetApp. I founded this company five years ago with Manuel, my cofounder. We are a marketplace for business applications where businesses of all sizes come and discover applications for their business.Interviewer: How did you come up with this business idea?Christopher: Both Manuel and I, in our previous jobs, were facing this issue about to how to get products distributed in the new world of cloud computing and online. We realized that there was no so lution in place, so we decided to build one.Interviewer: What did you do before you started this company?Christopher: I started my career at NCR, which is not a startup, it’s a big American company that has been there for ages, and I spent 15 years there. I ended up being the VP of Global Marketing, and then decided to do something a bit more entrepreneurial. So I built my first startup which was about data integrity and security. This startup really failed. So that was my previous experience before GetApp.Interviewer: Did you found this startup or did you just join them?Christopher: Actually I joined the startup but at the very very beginning.Interviewer: Can you tell us a little bit more about the business model of GetApp?Christopher: GetApp has two value propositions for two main stakeholders. For businesses, we help them discover business applications wherever they need to find them, it can be searching on the web, it can be searching on their mobile, it can be when they use a nother application and they want to find an additional feature that is integrated with the application they’re currently using. So that’s our value proposition to them. Wherever you are, you will find new applications that are suitable for your business, and GetApp will help you discover the right one.Our second biggest stakeholders are our clients. They are developers of businesses applications, it can be Software as a Service providers, or native mobile applications. For these companies we serve as an online distribution channel. We are generation leads for them online. They come to GetApp, they give us information about their product, we review their product independently, and then we organize this information so that people who really need the application find it.Interviewer: For these businesses can you cluster them as related to some industries or so, maybe you have more focus on one industry?Christopher: Today we mostly deal with what we call horizontal applications, or a pplications that offer a feature that can be used in any industry. As an example, customer relationship management, or project management, or an accounting online software. This is currently the core of our business, but the market is developing a lot towards vertical applications, applications for the life science industry, applications for the retail industry, or ecommerce industry, so more and more we’re going to this space. Rather than selling verticals today, we sell more horizontal solutions, but verticalizing our marketplace is definitely on the agenda.Interviewer: So the revenue model basically works like this that you get paid for the lead from the app developers?Christopher: It works very much like Google. We feature applications and we get paid for that. It is pretty clear for the client, for the end user that the application they’re looking at has featured. And then we get paid per click or per lead. Sometimes we also have revenue sharing every month with our clients .Interviewer: In terms of corporate strategy, what do you think are the main drivers that make you company stand out of the crowd?Christopher: First of all the main market driver is that more and more companies are testing and buying cloud-based software or native mobile software, just because it’s easier to get started with it and also it’s cheaper than traditional software. Today it represents about 7% of the total business software market, but it’s growing much faster than the traditional software. And there’s no established distribution channel for this new part of the software industry. And this the space we want to grab. So GetApp’s intention is to become the dominant distribution platform for the online business application industry.Let’s talk about the global market. What has made us successful in the last five years is two main things. The first one is customer service, we are extremely focused on making our clients happy. We never compromise on the quality of t he traffic we are sending to them, the quality of the leads that we are sending to them. And if our clients for some reason are unhappy, we are really on top of it to make sure that we understand why, and how we can fix it.The second scene is that from day one we’ve been very clear that we wanted to turn this business into a profitable business as soon as possible. So we’ve been very focused on selling and selling directly to the advertiser. I see a lot of young entrepreneurs who believe that they’ve got a great idea, and they put it on the web and expect people to come and buy. Usually it doesn’t happen, especially in the B2B world, which is our world. You need to establish your very close relationship with your clients, and it means talking on the phone with them, meeting them on a regular basis, understanding their needs, really paying attention to them. And both my cofounder and I come from this culture of where you’re nurturing the relationship with the client. We jus t put it into practice and that’s our main differentiator.Interviewer: What type of customers did you focus on first when you started this company?Christopher: Any one. We want more people to join our platform. But we started with the smaller or mid-sized business software developers, and as we gained credibility in the market we managed to break into the much larger players. You need to prove yourself before you can attract the big players in this world. And this is what we did. We still do our best to cater for smaller clients because they’re at the beginning and they are the ones who gave us a chance to succeed. But, clearly, as we are running the business we also need to pay application to our bigger customers.Interviewer: In terms of market development and this kind of distributing of apps, what is roughly the global market size, maybe in the US where you’re mainly focused?Christopher: Yes, we focus today mostly in the North American market, which represents 2/3 of the gl obal market. And we went there from scratch. We never intended to start anywhere else but in the US, although we are based Barcelona, and today this represents 90% of our market. Just to give you an example, the next markets are UK, Germany, but each of them represents about 6% or 7% of the total market size. So it’s pretty obvious where we need to get started.Now we’re starting to branch out into new countries. We’re French, so we picked France as our first date for expanding in new geographies. And we’re actually launching getapp.fr next month. So that gives you the size of the market. Today Software as a Service market, which is our core market, is about $40 billion dollar market. It depends on which analyst you talk to. In terms of marketing span in this industry, which is the market we’re going after, it’s currently about $2 billion dollars, and it’s increasing pretty rapidly.Interviewer: This $2 billion is only made for, let’s say, online marketing and mobile m arketing?Christopher: Yeah. I’m only talking about online marketing. The percentage of sales and marketing cost for software business developers, online marketing span represents roughly between 15% and 20% of their total budget.Interviewer: As you said that you were branching into new countries like France, etc., did you buy the web domains in the first place and secured that, because I can imagine, for example, it is the same with us, we have some ideas where we want to go next maybe in two, three, four, five years, we don’t know yet what we will do, so maybe we did not secure them right now.Christopher: We did a bit of that, but not as much as we should have done. The main reason is that we bootstrapped this company initially. So it was our own money and we were pretty careful in how to spend it. We bought a few country domain names, but not that many. Actually we let a very important one go because we just didn’t renew it, which was really stupid, so we make mistakes. But we went into the market and bought as many important country domain names as we could, which has cost us quite a lot of money.Interviewer: Did you raise some external money after you bootstrapped?Christopher: Yes, in 2011 we raised one million dollar, which is one of the biggest VCs in Spain, they’re a very efficient company and a profitable company now. It’s been very useful to get this capital, but we’ve really decided to grow and focus on the cash flow of the company to keep control and be independent from raising more money, although this is something we may have to do in order to ensure the growth to the level we believe we should be. So that’s where we are.Interviewer: At the point when you raised this money, had you been profitable already and just wanted to fuel your growth, or…?Christopher: No, at the time we were not, so they helped us making some important decisions that we would not have made only with bootstrapping. That was very useful. But now we are in a si tuation where we are profitable, and if we raise money it’s more for the growth and we do it in the right conditions for the good reasons.Interviewer: Christopher, we always try to teach some first-time entrepreneurs or people interested in entrepreneurship what not to do or what to focus on. Imaging your best friend calls you and says, ‘Hey Christopher, I’ve got a great business idea’, what advice would you give them?Christopher: I think the main advice â€" and it’s always difficult to say that to entrepreneurs, because to be an entrepreneur you need to be crazy, if you’re not it’s not real â€" but they need also to be very realistic about their own capabilities. There are things we are good at and things we are not good at. That’s for me and that’s for anybody. So my biggest advice would be go and talk to people who have been there, that have expertise, ask them to do some sanity checks at every step as an integral part of your business, and learn from others. As entrepreneurs we tend to be over-optimistic and believe that we know it all, and it’s not the case. So go out there, test your ideas with people who can tell you whether you are right or wrong or in the right direction, and at the end of the day you make up your mind on whether you want to listen to them or not. But at least take this piece of advice from people who maybe have more experience than you.Interviewer: Thank you very much Christopher.Christopher: You’re welcome, thanks for coming.

Television Programs American Idol - 910 Words

One of the most influential television programs was American Idol. When it first came out, people were mesmerized by the new program. Local news outlets that would come on after the show would discuss the results of the show on-air, people would call in after the show to participate in the voting process. When it first came out, my family and I were hooked on American Idol. The television program, American Idol, and its appeal to consumers and advertisers is the relationship that’s studied in Chapter 2 of Henry Jenkins’s book, Convergence Culture. At its core, American Idol claims to be a reality show to showcase lesser known singers. But yet, almost every aspect of American Idol can be seen as a type of advertising, for example, Coca-Cola branded the real room, where contestants wait before going onstage, offers soft drink promotions where the winner can go to the finales, and is often a prominent sponsorship figure at the American Idol finalists national concert tour. Yet, despite the blant consumerism that is in these shows, viewers still tune into the program time and the time again. It is this conundrum that Jenkins hopes to figure out in his analysis. The rise of convergence culture and next generation technologies like the VCR gave rise to an American public that was fed up with ads and â€Å"harder to impress.† Jenkins defines the term â€Å"impress† from two different perspectives. In the eyes of the consumer, â€Å"impress† is used as a verb. Consumers are looking for somethingShow MoreRelatedCase Study Of 30 Amazing Things You DidnT Know About Fox973 Words   |  4 Pageshas been on air since 30 years. It has undoubtedly been an incredible journey for Fox. as well as, its audience who have been linked to the network through the various programs that airs on the network. Whether it was American Idol that ended last year with the completion of its fifteenth edition or the currently running television series, Bones or 24: Legacy that you cannot miss, there are surely many more that you are an ardent fan of. However, we bet you probably don’t know about some interestingRead MoreSimilarities and Differences between the American Television Shows American Idol and X-Factor1269 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction American society is characterized by its upward mobility. Anyone, particularly those with a talent in high demand, can achieve prosperity through hard ward and determination. Both American Idol and X-Factor showcase this phenomenon within the confines of their shows. Consumers, particularly those geared towards drama, love to see this upward mobility concept in action. Both shows do a great job articulating this concept in a manner that is engaging and though provoking. However, American IdolRead MoreTelevision And Its Effects On Children1673 Words   |  7 PagesTelevision is one of the biggest influences in the lives of most people. People spend hours every day watching television programming, so of course this will affect their behavior. Television is like a window to the modern world. Many people view the programs that are aired on television; they can gain a lot of information and knowledge. Most programming like the National Geographic and Discovery Channels can be used as an educational tools in schools and at home to teach our children to learn insteadRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Effects of Reality TV1031 Words   |  4 Pages reality television can impact many lives everyday. Growing up in the era of the growth of reality television, I’ve seen many shows that influence and affect other teenagers and people more and more every day. The variety of shows seem to find something to interest anyone, leading to positive and negative effects. They are produced on more channels daily causing people to wonder how reality television is impacting our world today and what the future holds for it. Reality television is nonfictionRead MoreTelevision : A Vast Cultural Wasteland Essay1341 Words   |  6 PagesTelevision has been criticized as â€Å"a vast cultural wasteland†. Tv is supposed to be something that people use for fun and entertainment not a way to get away from your problems. Now with that being said this quote is trying to say that tv is useless. I think the reason that some people think that tv is useless is because of shows like SpongeBob and family guy. Sponge bob is a very popular kids show that has been around for years but doesn’t benefit the people watching it in anyway. In fact, watchingRead MoreDoes Reality Television Influence Youth?1480 Words   |  6 PagesJaesuk Eom Dr. Mary Gray English 1303 29 March 2016 Does reality television influence youth? Part I Television plays a very large and influential role in spreading modern pop culture. It seems like there is no doubt that television are taking over and regulating many of our business, social value, and lifestyle. Its entertaining aspect led it to become a significant part of our lives. Since it has deeply rooted into our culture, we might believe that it always has been on our side. However, I personallyRead MoreWhy Reality Television Is Harmful Essay example695 Words   |  3 PagesSome of the most popular television shows in today’s society are The Biggest Looser, Jersey Shore, and Big Brother. These programs and many others are classified as reality television. Reality television’s main purpose is to attempt to portray ordinary people in unscripted situations. Recently, however, many of these shows have achieved in creating the complete opposite, and have earned an immense amount of criticism as a result. Reality television programs are detrimental to society beca use theyRead MoreThe Reality of Reality Television1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reality of Reality Television Jacqueline Knudsen ENG122: English Composition II Jenna Fussell February 2, 2013 The Reality of Reality Television Have you ever set there watching your favorite reality television show and wondered what effects it could have on you, your family or your friends? Truth is most people do not think about the effects television shows can have before watching them or allowing their children to watch them. ThisRead MoreShould Television Programs Be Banned?1743 Words   |  7 PagesTV programs broadcasted in Malaysia are mainly imported from the USA and other Western countries, and the values are different from the values in Malaysian communities. The government argued that the media had negative influences on the education, attitude, and morality amongst Malaysian youth. With TV programs such as Baywatch, Friends, and several reality shows being popular amongst the youth, a lack of Malaysian values are being expressed. Malaysian TV stations even adopted some of the conceptsRead MoreReason why People Watch Reality TV Shows1283 Words   |  6 Pagesstatements. One of the main reasons for watching reality TV is to provide people with entertainment. To an extent, the majority of society has a desire to explore what goes on in the world around them. People like watching drama that occurs on public television. â€Å"Insults, temper tantrums, selfishness, gross behavior, and plain old stupidity- these are the main ingredients for most of today’s reality TV shows. Guess who is watching them? Millions of viewers just like you† (Cohen). â€Å"Viewers cannot seem to

Kurt Vonnegut and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder - 810 Words

Kurt Vonnegut was an American writer, born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His parents, Kurt Vonnegut Sr. and Edith Vonnegut, both studied architecture at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He had two older siblings, Bernard and Alice. He attended Cornell University, along with his siblings. He enlisted in the army while at Cornell, and from there the army transferred him over to Carnegie Institute of Technology and then to the University of Tennessee, in which he studied mechanical engineering. One of his most known works, â€Å"Slaughterhouse-Five†, was about a soldier in World War II, much like himself, and the journey’s he goes through after, during, and before the war. Billy Pilgrim, the main character in the story randomly travels through time, and is abducted by aliens who see everything in fourth dimension. Billy was an optometrist, who then was drafted into the military. Billy pilgrim reflects the type of man that Vonnegut is himself. He writes of himself thr ough the fictional character, Billy. It is clear that they both suffer with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. PTSD is a disorder, common in war veterans, that causes anxiety due to a tragic accident or injury that the person experienced. It causes the person to have horrible flashbacks, or memories of the accident. In Billy’s case, the bombing of Dresden could account for the tragic accident that caused the anxiety. Vonnegut is using this allusion, as he was present and survived in the bombing of Dresden as well. AsShow MoreRelatedKurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five -- A Great American Novel1383 Words   |  6 Pagesnovel, Slaughterhouse-Five, Kurt Vonnegut writes about war and its destructiveness. Vonnegut tells the story of Billy Pilgrim, an unlikely hero, mentally scarred by World War Two. Kurt Vonnegut explains how war is so devastating it can ruin a person forever. These are topics that are reoccurring in American history and have a relevance to the American people thus making Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse-Five a Great American Novel. After serving in World War Two, Kurt Vonnegut wrote Slaughterhouse-FiveRead MoreMental Health in Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut 737 Words   |  3 PagesFive, Kurt Vonnegut uses Billy Pilgrim’s actions, thoughts, and choices to demonstrate that Billy is insane in order to develop the idea that one’s hold on sanity can become altered following tragic events. Through Billy Pilgrim’s he creates an alternated world because Kurt Vonnegut demonstrates that Billy Pilgrim has not lost his sanity, but rather he suffers from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in order to develop the idea that sanity may appear different for people dealing with traumatic life eventsRead MoreWar and Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Essay1831 Words   |  8 Pageslonger a concerning matter. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder does not attract sympathy from the citizens who lives were saved and protected by the soldier who no longer can live a normal life. American citizens have the expectation of soldiers who return to home to be strong, brave, and, overall, heroic. They glamorize the situation of returning home, and do take into account the horrors that the soldier has witnessed through his journey of survival. According to Vonnegut, in his novel, Slaughterhouse-FiveRead MoreKurt Vonnegut s Slaughterhouse Five902 Words   |  4 PagesI. Introduction A. Hook 1. PTSD, or post-traumatic stress disorder, is an anxiety disorder that develops in some after they experience extremely traumatic events, such as combat. Those with PTSD may relive the event via intrusive memories, flashbacks and nightmares; they would do anything to avoid memories of trauma, including inventing an alternate planet. 2. Billy, the main character in Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse-Five, experienced firsthand the trauma of war during the firebombing ofRead MoreWhy Does Billy Pilgrim Become Unstuck in Time in Slaughterhouse-Five?710 Words   |  3 Pagesbook Slaughterhouse-Five the character Billy Pilgrim is a reflection of the author Kurt Vonnegut. He is said to become unstuck in time. But what does the author really mean by â€Å"unstuck in time?† The story begins after the bombing of Dresden, which caused PTSD that is very common in many people after being at war. PTSD is a very common aftermath of war, or even during war. PSTD stands for Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. It is very common in deployed troops of all ages. It occurs after an event thatRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five By Kurt Vonnegut1211 Words   |  5 Pageswar isn’t a positive reaction, for it causes others to feel hate, fear, and anger. Kurt Vonnegut expresses his thoughts and experiences during World War Two and through the witnessing of the Dresden firebombing to show the reasons for the main character Billy’s actions. Billy Pilgrim has suffered from PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) which was caused by the negative experiences he faced during war. This disorder came about from this hate, fear, and anger he went through during this harsh timeRead MoreSlaughterhouse Five Are Obvious And Piercing As One1139 Words   |  5 PagesSo It Goes Kurt Vonnegut’s anti-war novel, Slaughterhouse Five, illustrates the ghastly experiences within World War II and the journey through the universe and time of the main character, Billy Pilgrim. Although war is a sensitive subject in most cases, Vonnegut’s sarcastic, dark humor on the matter helps bring light to the fact that war is horrendous. Slaughterhouse Five demonstrates the reality of war throughout its major themes, historical accuracy, and Kurt Vonnegut’s personal experiences withinRead MoreKurt Vonnegut Analysis1239 Words   |  5 PagesKurt Vonnegut The Nonsense of War and Billy Pilgrim The firebombing of Dresden by the Allies took as many as 135,000 innocent lives (AE). Among those firebombed, there was Kurt Vonnegut, a U.S. POW during World War II being held captive by the Nazis (AE). Strategically, the firebombing was senseless (AE). Many have speculated that the purpose of the bombing was to disrupt the Nazi war machine, which would make sense if it wasn’t for the fact that Dresden contained no heavy industry (AE). TheRead MoreBilly Pilgrims Struggle with PTSD in Vonneguts Slaughterhouse Five1766 Words   |  8 PagesIn order to illustrate the devastating affects of war, Kurt Vonnegut afflicted Billy Pilgrim with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), which caused him to become â€Å"unstuck in time† in the novel. Billy Pilgrim illustrates many symptoms of PTSD throughout the story. Vonnegut uses these Slaughterhouse Five negative examples to illustrate the horrible and devastating examples of war. The examples from the book are parallel to real l ife experiences of war veterans, including Vonnegut’s, and culminateRead MoreBilly Pilgrims Presentations of Metal Illness in Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five1286 Words   |  5 PagesBilly Pilgrim, the main character of Kurt Vonnegut’s novel Slaughterhouse Five, would not be described as an ordinary person by any standards. Billy is an optometrist, prisoner of war, World War II veteran, a zoo display for aliens, and a frequent time traveler. The character Billy is a controversial subject, because readers cannot discern whether he is sane and has fantastical experiences or is insane and deserves to be in a mental hospital. Billy Pilgrim may be many things, but is Billy simply

Affirmative Action Is Not the Solution Essay - 1340 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Affirmative action is a social policy created to promote the welfare of minorities by supporting the idea that individuals are all created equal and should not be judged by race or gender. Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as feasible a choice for hire as a white male candidate, taking into consideration their background. In short, it tries to give minorities that have been at a disadvantage their whole life, an opportunity to ‘equal the playing field’ by providing a broader context by which to measure an applicant or prospective employee. In the end, however, this goal is not realized. Instead, superficial ‘quotas’ are established and the†¦show more content†¦Bob had six months to prepare for the race while John had a ball and chain tied to his leg for the entire six months. Without a doubt, I would believe that Bob would win this race. However, if we interpol ate affirmative action into this analogy, we would justifiably be assisting John. Unfortunately, the problem isn’t that we are helping John, the problem is the way we are helping him. Instead of releasing John from his ball and chain, affirmative action would be placing a heavier ball and chain on Bob forcing John to meet a lower expectation, thus not inherently removing the ball and chain, but rather using it as an excuse to justify his shortcomings. Implicitly, this would then create animus and resentment against Bob, rather than empathy and compassion for his disadvantage. Although the motive behind affirmative action is moral and just, in practice it seems to fail and causes an even more unequal treatment of race and sexuality. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The unequal treatment brought on by affirmative action brings us to the second argument against it: Affirmative action itself violates the principles of equality. The main goal behind affirmative action is to ensure that all individuals are treated equally, not to create more inequality. However, white individuals are simply used as a means to an end and unfortunately more discrimination is created. If we were to take a look at both analogies above, the white male was treatedShow MoreRelatedEssay on Is Diversity The Solution to Affirmative Action?2725 Words   |  11 PagesIS DIVERSITY THE SOLUTION TO AFFIRMATIVE ACTION Equal employment practices, in many organizations, have been established through affirmative action programs. These programs were created by government mandate to create a fair and non-discriminatory working environment in organizations. The need for affirmative action was recognized as early as the 1940’s, as a concept, based on the racial diversity of our country. The goal was the redistribution of opportunities on the basis of race. Now as weRead MoreAffirmative Action in Colleges1218 Words   |  5 PagesHispanics. In order to combat this gap, the Kennedy administration in 1961 instituted a policy called affirmative action aimed towards counteracting the racial and socioeconomic disadvantages that these minority groups have. Opponents of affirmative action argue that this violates the 14th Amendment, creates reverse discrimination and reinforces racial inequality. Meanwhile, the supporters of affirmative action claim that it is necessary to create equal opportunity for ev ery person and as a way for addressingRead MoreAffirmative Action Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Blacks and other minority groups have been wrongfully persecuted and punished and have suffered the indignities of discrimination. As Martin Luther King stated so eloquently in his I Have a Dream speech, blacks should be judged #8230;not by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. Our American culture with its political, legal, and social considerations, is struggling with the idea of white redemption while offering minorities a more fairRead MoreAffirmative Action Is The Perfect Plan1173 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action On March 6th, 1955, President John F. Kennedy signed executive order 10925 enforcing that government corporations not discriminate against anyone based off their race and skin color. This became â€Å"positive† discrimination otherwise known as affirmative action. Affirmative action is a method benefiting anyone who have experienced discrimination particular to one’s education and/ or employment (Affirmative Action). In today’s age affirmative action is creating â€Å"reverse racism† dueRead MoreAffirmative Action Is Important For The Future Of The Diversified Generations Of America Essay1641 Words   |  7 Pages Affirmative Action In Martin Luther King’s I Have a Dream Speech, he states â€Å"I look to a day when people will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character† for this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should alter for it creates a perpetual racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionalityRead More Affirmative Action: Keeping minorities down for 30 years. Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The subject of affirmative action in college admissions has been hotly debated since its inception. Although affirmative action was originally supported by the vast majority, that same majority is now starting to wonder if there is a better way. Commonly asked questions include: â€Å"Is affirmative action still working?† and â€Å"Is there an alternative?† The answers to each of these questions will provide insurmountable evidence that affirmative action in college admissions no longer fulfillsRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effect On Society Essay1639 Words   |  7 Pagesbased on a person’s race is wrong. For this reason affirmative action in higher edu cation admission should alter for it creates a perpetual racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due its issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionality of its existence and whether it perpetuates racial discrimination. Although affirmative action greatly promotes diversity and exposes diverse perspectivesRead MoreEssay about Affirmative Action1384 Words   |  6 PagesAffirmative Action has been an issue of contention since its inception during the Civil Rights struggles of mid 20th century America. Discrimination could no longer be tolerated and the Unites States government had an obligation to encourage equality at all levels of the social infrastructure. The main type of discrimination being addressed by Affirmative Action programs was racial discrimination. The Merriam Webster dictionary defines racism as: ‘a belief that race is the primary determinant ofRead MoreThe Issue Of Affirmative Action Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesthe content of their character† for this reason affirmative action in higher education admission should be altered for it creates a perpetually racial preference in admission. Affirmative action is controversial due it s issue of whether the generation of today should pay for the past injustices done to certain ethnicities. It questions the constitutionality of its existence and whether it perpetuates racial discrimination. Although affirmative action is a great start in promoting diversity and exposingRead MoreWe Do NOT Need Affirmative Action Essay549 Words   |  3 Pages    Affirmative Action is steps that are taken to ensure that the opportunities are equal between minorities and others. There have been many heated debates over this issue, and maybe the worst is yet to come. Some might feel it is necessary because they feel opportunities are not equal for minorities. Many people believe that gaps need to be closed between minorities and others, but there is a difference in the method. I feel the current method is not constitutional, lawful, and not proven

Suddenly A knock at the door free essay sample

Although it Is one of the shortest stones in the collection, What Do We Have In Our Pockets was the story that really stuck out the most to me. In the two pages of the story Etgar Keret provides a vivid look into the sad life and hopes of a man looking for love _ The man In the story, whose name we never learn, carles around with him everywhere he goes, an odd assortment consisting of a lighter, a cigarette, a cough drop, d postage stamp, a pen, and two five shekel coins. People are always asking him What the fuck do you have in your pockets? to which he never answers but simply smiles and laughs. Where they to be persistent and ask him again, he would explain why he needs all of the things he carries with him all the time, but they never do. Keret Includes this detail to show that nobody cares about the man, and they arent even curious enough to find out what Is In his pockets and why he carries It all. We will write a custom essay sample on Suddenly A knock at the door or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the next paragraph of the very short story he explains why he carries all these Items on him all the time. He says its so that he is always prepared. He carries them so that hes never at a disadvantage at the moment of truth. He carries all of these things with him every day and everywhere he goes just so that he will be ready if a pretty girl needs somethlng, no matter how trlvlal It may be. Hes so desperate tor love and female Interaction that he believes that someday having a stamp for a girl that needs to mall a letter or a pen for a lady who needs to sign her name will be the ay that he will find his sole mate. He fantasizes about how it will happen. He describes a scenario where he gets to play prince charming just for having a stamp and a cough drop in his pockets. When she asks, what else do you have in your pockets? he will have the opportunity to reply, Everything youll ever need my love. This sad tale of a lonely sole forever waiting for his chance to come along Is just one of the many subtly dark stories that Keret spins In Suddenly, A Knock At the Door.

Transaction Cost Economics free essay sample

Transaction cost economics (TCE) is most associated with the work of Oliver Williamson (see his book The Economic Institutions of Capitalism on the reading list), though he was building on earlier work, particularly by the Nobel prize winner Coase. One reason why the theory is so important is that it represents one of the first and most influential attempts to develop an economic theory that takes seriously the structure of firms. Previously, economic theories tended to treat the firm as a sort of â€Å"black box,† the internal workings of which were not considered to be important. This, of course, contrasts with most other people’s view of businesses, where the internal workings of the organization is given prominence. It is sometimes said that TCE attempts to explain why firms exist. That is, why are some transactions directed by managers in the context of a hierarchy, as opposed to taking place in an open market? It’s more accurate, though, to say that TCE tries to explain the particular structure of a firm, most importantly, the extent to which it will integrate vertically. We will write a custom essay sample on Transaction Cost Economics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It must be emphasised that while Williamson’s work is very distinctive, it falls well within mainstream economic thinking. It assumes that firms are profit maximising, and that profit maximisation involves costs minimisation. By implication, it is an equilibrium theory. It assumes rationality on the part of owners and/or managers. Where it differs is in stressing transaction costs as well as production costs. Williamson envisions production costs as being analogous to the cost of building and running an â€Å"ideal† machine, while transaction costs are those costs which are incurred by departures from perfection, such as friction. In the economic sector, the ideal machine would be a perfectly efficient market. As you know, such a market requires full information to be available to all parties and perfect competition, among other factors. Departures from this perfection (sometimes called â€Å"market failures†) can result in firms incurring costs when they attempt to buy or sell goods or services. For example, lack of information about alternative suppliers might lead to paying too high a price for a good. Lack of information about a customer’s creditworthiness might result in a bad debt. These are transaction costs. Williamson argues that firms want to minimise their total costs, which are made up of both production and transaction costs. Under some circumstances transaction costs may be lower if the transaction takes place in an open market, which in other situations costs will be lower if managers coordinate the transaction. Williamson’s contribution rests in specifying the variables that determine whether â€Å"market or hierarchy† will have the lower transaction costs in various circumstances. Before discussing these variables, though, we also need to mention the assumptions that Williamson makes that underpin the theory. It is important not to confuse these assumptions with the variables. The assumptions are unchanging contextual factors. They are important in that if these assumptions were not valid, then the arguments about the effects of the variables would not be valid. But the factors mentioned in the assumptions don’t themselves vary, and so they cannot explain variation in organizational structure. Assumptions 1. Bounded rationality 2. Opportunism Bounded rationality refers to the fact that people have limited memories and limited cognitive processing power. We can’t assimilate all the information at our disposal, we can’t accurately work out the consequences of the information we do have. A good metaphor is the game of chess. Despite knowing all the rules which fully specify the game, no one is capable of faultlessly analysing any given position during a chess game. This is partly because the game itself is inherently too complex (there are too many alternatives), and also because the actions of the opponent are unpredictable. Managers face the same problems. No matter how knowledgeable they might be, they cannot consider all the possible alternative courses of action. This is compounded by the fact that in reaching a decision they must take into account how competitors will react. Opportunism refers to the possibility that people will act in a self-interested way â€Å"with guile,† as Williamson puts it. That is, people may not be entirely honest and truthful about their intentions, or they might attempt to take advantage of unforeseen circumstances that gives them the chance to exploit another party. Williamson doesn’t assume that all people will act opportunistically all of the time. He merely assumes that some people will act opportunistically some of the time, and that you can’t tell in advance who is an opportunist and who is not. These two assumptions are important contextual factors, but in themselves they tell us nothing about why a firm will integrate vertically, because they are constant characteristics of our world. These assumptions represent something of a departure from standard economic models, but not a terribly dramatic one. People are still assumed to be rational, in the sense that they want to maximise the profits of the firms they manager, but that there are limits on their ability to make a truly rational decision to achieve this end. Similarly, self-interested behaviour is assumed in traditional economic theory, but guileful behaviour — â€Å"human nature as we know it,† as Williamson put it — is not expected. Variables 1. Frequency 2. Uncertainty 3. Asset specificity The real explanatory power of the theory, though, comes from the three dimensions or variables that are used to characterise any transaction. Transactions can be frequent or rare; have high or low uncertainty; or involve specific or non-specific assets. These three variables will, according to the theory, determine whether transaction costs will be lowest in a market or in a hierarchy. It is easiest to consider these variables with respect to decisions about whether to integrate vertically. Frequency is the most easily dealt with. There will never be a situation in which a firm would want to integrate vertically so as to bring â€Å"in-house† the provision of a good or service that is very rarely used. For example, most firms will not want to set up their own management consultancy departments because they only use the services of a management consultant on a very infrequent basis. If a firm did nevertheless set up its own consultancy, that department would have to try to sell its services to their parties in the periods when it was not doing consultancy within its parent company. But why should we expect such a department to be able to perform better than specialist consultants? In general, we would expect the firms for which consultancy is a â€Å"core competence† to do better. Of course, if firms use consultants frequently, they may decide to set up an in-house operation. National Westminster Bank, for example, have done just this, though they also use external consultants as well. Because frequency is so clear cut, it is usually omitted from detailed discussion. But note that this is not because it is unimportant. On the contrary, the effect of frequency on transaction costs is very strong. It is just that the case where the frequency of transactions is low isn’t very interesting. Uncertainty is more interesting. The issue here is how hard is it to foresee the eventualities that might occur during the course of the transaction. One obvious factor here is the length of time over which the transaction will take place. Transactions that take place on â€Å"spot markets† will have relatively little uncertainty, because one doesn’t have to predict the future. On the other hand, transactions that involve a commitment over some time have some uncertainty built in to them. An example we considered before is the printer agreeing to provide a service to a newspaper publisher. Both parties are likely to want a reasonably long term agreement to enable them to plan. But the very long term nature of the agreement adds to the uncertainty. How can the printer be sure that the publisher won’t go out of business during the life of the contract, thereby putting at risk her investment in a printing press? Uncertainty causes problems in part because of bounded rationality. We can’t foresee all possible eventualities. It might also come about because of information asymmetries: the printer doesn’t know as much about the financial health of the publisher than does the publisher himself. Uncertainty also causes problems because of the danger of opportunism. How does the printer know she can trust any figures that the publisher presents to her? How does she know that, having invested in a press, the publisher won’t try to renegotiate the contract at some future time? What we have to ask ourselves is will uncertainty be reduced by vertical integration? If so, will any savings in transaction costs be enough to outweigh any costs there might be associated with vertical integration — administrative costs, for example? In our example, uncertainty would be reduced by vertical integration of printer and publisher. Asset specificity is perhaps the most important element in Williamson’s theory. He argues that where transactions involve assets that are only valuable (or are much more valuable) in the context of a specific transaction, transaction costs will tend to be reduced by vertical integration. In our example, if transport costs mean that the printer would not be able to compete for business from other publishers, her printing press would be a highly transaction specific asset: it would only be of value in the context of transactions with one publisher. This variable is again only a problem in the context of bounded rationality and opportunism. It is this that makes it risky for the printer to invest in a press. Other things being equal, when transactions involve highly specific assets, transaction costs are likely to be lower in a hierarchy than in a market. The following table gives a summary of the relationship between asset specificity, uncertainty and governance structure. Asset specificity Low for both parties High for both parties High for one party, low for one party Uncertainty High Contract/vertical integration Vertical integration Vertical integration Low Spot contract Long-term contract Vertical integration TCE is perhaps most often applied to understanding vertical integration, but it can often be applied to any internalisation/externalisation question. For example, where employees develop skills â€Å"on-the-job† that are highly firm-specific, these skills can be considered to be transaction specific assets. The transaction in this case is the employment relation. As we know, this can take several forms, from highly temporary (such as seasonal farm work), which is similar to a â€Å"spot market†, to an internal labour market, which is analogous to vertical integration. Criticisms Although TCE is very useful, it is not without its critics. It is important to recognise some possible weaknesses in the theory. 1. The theory assumes that it is possible to neatly separate production and transaction costs, but in practice this is often not the case. More generally, it is often very difficult to measure transaction costs even if they can be defined. . Although TCE assumes that their are limits on the extent to which decision-makers can be rational (that is, it assumes bounded rationality), it still makes little allowance for the other factors that we know affect decision-making. For example, the profit maximising, cost minimising object is not considered to be problematic. In reality, we know that this is not the case. There are often conflicts of interest among managers, the interests of managers and shareholders may not be perfectly aligned, and so on. Consequently, power plays an important role in decision-making. 3. Reputation and trust are not considered. Transactions are treated as though they occur without any knowledge of previous transactions involving the parties concerned. Yet we know that trust does develop between people as they do business with each other. We know that a reputation for trustworthiness is an important business asset that firms will often be reluctant to jeopardise. Therefore, the assumption that we cannot judge ex ante who will be opportunistic is an oversimplification.

Overpriced Vehicles for Teenagers Essays - Insurance, Free Essays

Overpriced Vehicles for Teenagers Essays - Insurance, Free Essays Overpriced Vehicles for Teenagers Overpriced Vehicles for Teenagers New cool cars are too expensive for teenagers to afford. I would like to have a new sports car to drive around but I do not have the money to afford the car. By being in high school I do not have enough time to go and get a job and do the work to make the money to afford the car. There is not enough time in the day for me to go to school then go home, do my homework, and work only about 2 hours after school if I was to have the job. Even if I was to get the car, the insurance on the car would be very expensive because it is a sports car and I am only 17 years old. The prices on new cool cars for teenagers should be lowered because they do not have enough time in the day to do the work to make money and the insurance on the cars are overpriced. There is not enough time in the day for teenagers to work to make the money for the new sports cars. Most teenagers like myself are in school from 8 in the morning until 3:30 in the afternoon. Then I go to football or basketball practice afterward until sometimes 5 or 6 that evening. I then go home and do my homework and after I help clean up around the house. By this time that evening it is already late and close to my bed time so that ill be able to get enough rest and get up to go to school the following day. There is no time in the day for teenagers to get a job and work the hours to make the money to buy the sports car. The insurance on the sports are overpriced. If I was able to get a sports car, I still would not be able to afford the insurance on the car. That is not including gas prices and all the maintenance I would need to keep the car in a good condition. Insurance prices on sports cars are overpriced especially for teenagers since teenagers are not able to pay the high prices for the car. The insurance needs to be lowered so that teenagers will be able to buy the sports cars they want and be able to afford the insurance for the car as well. Although I believe that new sports car and their insurance prices are very expensive for teenagers, people think the opposite. Others believe the prices should stay the way they are. They feel that teenagers should not have the sports cars because of the in-experience of the young drivers and by driving the cools car they will pay less attention to driving and more to what their friends think about them in the car and they will ?show boat?. They believe that there is a also a higher risk of the teenagers having an accident. This is why the insurance is so expensive because if there was an accident they will be covered. I still believe that the prices for the new cool sports cars? prices should be lowered so teenagers can buy them. Although others believe prices for the new cool cars should remain the same, I strongly believe prices should be lowered for the teenagers so that they will be able to afford the new cool cars without paying a fortune for them. With the little time the teenagers have in the day they cannot make enough money to afford the vehicles they would like to have because of the expensive prices. The new cool cars and their insurance prices should be lowered for teenagers.

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CRIMINAL EVIDENCE - Essay Example It is considered as the most imperative magnitude to judge and assess the validity and authenticity of an incident, an offence or a felony. The statutes of law are devised and implemented to control crimes by announcing penalty and punishment to the culprit as well as protecting the life, honour, possessions and rights of the innocent citizens. Since no law declares an accused as offender without having sound proof of his offence; and evidence is the only technique to prove or disapprove any fact the truth of which is submitted to judicial investigation. Hence, evidence is the tool, which attests the validity of the offence. Evidence includes: Q 1: In an offence like theft, stealing and burglary, no one is the eyewitness of the felony. Same is the situation in the case under study, where Edna is eyewitness of the presence of a person in her bedroom, where the burglary had been committed at Edna’s house on the night of 21 December. Edna blames Alan as the culprit on the following grounds: The man committing burglary in Edna’s bedroom has the same scar mark as Alan’s. In addition, the person has also left an ear print on window, which looks like the ear print of Alan; it is therefore he has been accused as the same offender, who committed burglary in Edna’s house. The law of evidence allows eyewitness [es] present both oral and documentary evidence. The oral statement made by Edna does not carry weight because she is unable to provide a detailed description of the burglar. Moreover, since she has presented documentary evidence, where only one scar mark describes the identity of the accused. The provisions of the law of Evidence allow an accused to make necessary changes in his appearance. In its words: Hence, provisions of Evidence Law allocate Edna the position of both complainant and the witness of the presence of the offender in her bedroom during the procedure. In the light of the points above-mentioned, Law of Evidence declares her

The security of networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The security of networking - Research Paper Example The article covers the basics of protected networking systems, including firewalls, network topology, and safe protocols. It is essential that firms make a substantial investment in network security in order to safeguard its exclusive information from hackers, as well as other delinquents. I will address contemporary approaches towards the network security, the upsurge in recent criminal activity. The Internet is a principal platform of the contemporary business world. One may find it difficult to stay modern on the latest global events without the efficient use of the Internet, navigate it, and appreciate it. The internet is the globe’s single greatest key source of linked networks, computers, and user links (Canavan 2001). The Internet has developed at a rate that significantly exceeds any preceding trend or development relative to contemporary information technology. There is no entity that can declare ownership of it, however the users can benefit from the capacity to access information, individuals and other resources from the entire globe and have it taken to a device such as a laptop, cell phone, tablet or other numerous devices. Establishments began to study the use of the internet and what followed was the delivery of e-commerce. With e-commerce now severely competing with the practice of the brick and mortar capacity, clients are quite comfortable with the co nvenience of shopping, finance, and otherwise flourishing fully in a virtual world (Cole et al. 2005). Commerce has also transformed to the paperless system of undertaking business and can significantly increase the efficiency. With the evolution of business and returns also came the occasion for unlawful activity. Hackers began to exploit on consumers and traders alike by committing virtual larceny. It started with bank accounts, credit cards, and social security figures but has

Advantages of E-banking

Advantages of E-banking Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Nowadays, Malaysia is a multi sector economy and technology development based on the presence of many technological inventions. Traditional banking act as physical bank and delivery channel which to give customers to place or get their money out of the bank safety deposit boxes, managing checking or current accounts, paying cheques drawn by customers. However, e-banking is one of the technological inventions that give conveniences to customers to manage financial transactions on a secure website performed by retail or virtual bank, credit union or building society. E-banking is also called electronic banking which is the automated delivery of new banking services and products directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. It brings many benefits and capabilities to customer compared to traditional banking. E-banking is fast and convenient way of using computer to easy access to the bank in 24hours. E-banking utilizes the internet system as the delivery channel by which to accomplish banking activity, for example, paying bills, transferring funds, viewing checking and savings account balances, paying mortgages and purchasing financial instruments and certificates of deposits (Haque et al, 2009). Internet banking enable customers to access their general information and accounts of bank products and services through PC or other intelligent device using web browser software on 24 hours a day and 7days a week, such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft internet explorer (Mohamad, Hanudin, Suddin, Noren, 2007). The development in information technology have had an tremendous effect in development of more flexible payment methods and more user-friendly banking services in the world of banking (Serkan, Safak, Eda, 2004). There are some features that fall into several categories of internet banking which are transactional, non-transactional, financial institution administration, support of multiple users having varying levels of authority, transaction approval process and wire transfer. In transactional, e-banking act as account and financial transactions, pay bills, wire transfer and apply for loan or new account, investment purchase or sale and others. Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) is an electronic billing which customer can pay bill and receives payment easily, faster, and conveniently over anywhere and any times. Customer perception is interpretation of sensory mind and experienced by customer. The convenience of e-banking are attracted customers and provided no cost charged to customers. Customers have started accepting this internet service and assessing the banks based on their easy to access and convenience. With great confidence toward e-banking, customers are willing uses the internet banking to transfer fund, pay bills, and lot more with a excellent-secured system. It also can establish the relationship between trust and loyalty of customer toward e-banking. Internet banking in USA and Europe The dramatic growth in internet usage has generated a segment of customers with the ability and desire to conduct banking transactions completely online (Mathew and George, 2003). The internet explosion in the late-1990s brings people more convenience with various applications over the web. In the mid-1990s, customers using internet as monetary business transaction over the web as the financial institutions had implemented e-banking. The majority of US-based banks are escalating their investment in technology and hedging their bets while research specifies that a substantial portion of the customer base may always demand the type of personal interaction that can only be provided by individual branch personnel (Alstad, 2002). TowerGroups prediction is highlighted by CRMToday on IT spending by large banks in USA, which the amounts is 24.1 billion in 2004 as compare to 22 billion in 2002. Besides that, many US banks, such as Bank of America and Umpqua Bank are lending from social media channels, offering social networking, pod casting, web casts and other interactive tools. Now competitors can establish an internet bank for as little as $6 million in the USA compared to the cost of setting up a traditional brick and mortar bank (estimated at between $25 and $30 million) (Nathan, 1999). CRMToday (2003a) also stated that without major consumers adoption internet banking would not achieve as profitable as promise although there are increasing in amounts of online banking customers. According to the European Central Bank in 2002 (centeno, 2003), the level of services and its quality differ according to the country and the banks even though all main banks provide internet banking services. Bughin, 2001 investigated that the adoption rate is examined to be averaging only 17% of internet users or less than 6% of total bank customers. The author also stated that there are 60% internet customers do not have subject in buying books, CDs or low valued item through online but are reluctant to create online banking transactions. Furthermore, there are differences of internet banking adoption also existed among some countries in Europe. Around 18-25% of populations in Estonia are utilizing internet banking services whereas Italian bank had about no on-line customers by early 2000, banks in Malta initiated internet banking services in December 2002 (Centeno, 2003). Furthermore, there are differences of adoption among banks within the same country. Bughin (2001) stated an example, a leading banks in France have diffusion rate over 11% while minor bank such as the credit commercial de France have translated only 2% of its customers to online for the same period. Internet banking in Turkey In Turkey, there are over 18% of banking customers using e-banking actively (Jamaluddin, Osman, Sukru and Kemal, 2008). Since 1997 internet banking has been recognized as a feasible alternative distribution channel by Turkish commercial banks due to the deregulation in the financial sector, escalation of computer literacy, the rapid diffusion of electronic commerce, strong commitments to reduce operating costs, changing customer demands for innovative financial products and services and create customer convenience (Hakan, 2008). Due to the low cost of attracting customer to utilize internet banking and retaining existing innovation-demanding customers during the past two decades, most of Turkish commercial banks found it irresistible to invest large amounts in online banking although the customer take up of internet banking appeared to be very slow. In addition, the actual number of utilizing e-banking users appeared to be between 1 and 1.2 million (30%) in 2003 although 2million people (50%) were forecasted to utilize e-banking by 2003 (Akinci, 2004; Celik, 2002; Ozkan, 2003). Furthermore, in turkey the numbers of active internet banking accounts are escalating from 150,000 in 2000 to 5.5 million in 2007 and grew annually by 68 percent (Higgs, 2000). In comparison, although this illustrates that internet banking has experienced strong and sustained growth since its inception, Turkey has a lower internet banking penetration rate than that of many European countries. The research on internet banking by individual customers in the country has been required to improve customers understanding of how their particular beliefs or motives affect their utilization of the services. Internet Banking In Australia Internet banking growth continued rapidly in Australia with a 26 % increase in the internet banking customer population to 5.5 million users (approximately 34% of the adult population) going on over the 12 months to May 2005 (ACNielsen, 2005). The report stated there are over 7.2 million consumers accessed 27 millions accounts in 2003 which is an increase of 31% compared to 16.2% in 2002 (MISC, 2004). The report showed that users are more efficient in utilizing Internet banking services and transacting more amounts utilizing fewer sessions. Furthermore, internet banking services are increasingly attracted among users women and 50+ years age group is the highest growing in all category. There are 54% of Australian adults were utilizing telephone banking and an estimated 25% of employed internet banking after a period of strong electronic banking market development between 1997 and 2002. Small and medium banks in USA provide more user-friendly services than larger banks and achieved well in the area of personal internet banking, and website reliability and transactional capabilities while larger banks in Australia offer more variety services than smaller banks. Nevertheless, small and medium sized banks in Australia have found to provide more user-friendly services than larger banks and are successful in offering personal banking services. Internet Banking In Malaysia Since achieving independence in the 1957 banking activities in Malaysia has changed enormously with appearances of new technology application. In the 1980, the first Automated teller Machines (ATMs) was introduced which was be the most visible piece of evidence of the emerging electronic banking in Malaysia. ATM is a computerized telecommunications device that used for transfer funds between checking, balance enquiry, cash withdrawal, savings and credit card accounts, bill payments, making cash and check deposits and making payments to application for initial public offerings in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. This technology brought the revolution were longer banking hours which unlimited beyond office hours (BNM Annual Reports, 1985-1997). Apart from this, the next changes in this evolutionary process will be the telebanking and PC-banking in the 1990s. In the early 1990 telebanking was introduced in Malaysia as delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices connected to an automated system of the bank where customers can perform retail banking transactions through using Automated Voice Response (AVR) technology. The functions of telebanking are almost similar to the ATM services except withdrawal and deposit of cash. Telebanking brings convenience, extended access and significant time saving to the customers. The insufficiency of cash withdrawal function in telebanking leads to the poor customer response to telebanking. In the 1990s, ten local commercial banks are offering PC-banking or home banking services. PC-banking is an online banking device which customer can utilize their computers in anywhere anytime for account transactions by subscribing and dialing into the banks intranet proprietary software system. PC-banking can raise speed, decrease cost and enhance flexibility of business transactions which is more suitable among corporate customers. In the half of 1990, the number of customer that utilizes this service still small. This is because they faced some problems, such as risk in transacting on the internet, lack of trust and loyalty of customer and poor of product and service quality. In this table indicates that frequency of familiarity and usage of using ATM is the highest and PC-banking is the lowest percentage. ATM can attracted all of banking customer to use this service because it really brings convenience to the customer since it can save time, reduce difficulty, and enhance flexibility of business transaction to customers. There are 80% that not using telebanking because this service cant provide any cash withdrawal function. However, PC-banking also faced lack of attraction from banking customers due to the new banking service that introduced to this country, which most of customer still unable to accept this new internet service. When customer utilize PC-banking, they may face some problems, such as risk in transacting on the internet, lack of trust and loyalty of customer and product and service quality. Furthermore, e-banking in Malaysia is become increasingly popular on developments in information technology and telecommunications. In Malaysia internet banking service (IBS) was established in six years ago (The Star, 2005). IBS is a convenience and new physical banking service which is to attain more potential customers as it allows bankers to deliver banking services to a wider segment of customers through electronic and interactive communication channels (Goi, 2005), with 12 domestic banks offering IBS to 4.5million subscribers currently (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2007). So surprisingly internet banking has become one of the popular services with 51 percent out of 8,000 of total respondents once a month. In the beginning, there are 5 Malaysia banks have invested millions of ringgit in online banking but these banks are still functioning as dial up intranet facilities. The online service is still unavailable for customers because of the insufficiency of legal framework and security concerns. The investment may be wasted due to the deficiency of important business understanding to support customer adoption if a bank introduces Internet Banking Services without a clear understanding of factors influencing customer adoption (Goi, 2005; Pires and Aisbett, 2002). In table 1 it illustrates the demographic characteristics of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users among the sample respondents was analyzed. Mean monthly income is the only significant difference appears which it assumed that the internet bank user monthly income is highly than non-internet bank user. It also shows that there is no significant difference between the mean age of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users. These two groups are equal in percentage of graduates and undergraduates in which both of the groups are nearly about 85%. Background of study The purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the consumers perception toward e-banking. Consumer perception is important to bankers because of that banker can only understand and determine what customer actually wants to and how e-banking service shall satisfy them. There are some variables will be discussed which are affecting the growth of e-banking in Malaysia. From the customers perspective, internet banking assists a convenient and effective approach to control personal finances without visiting the bank and from any locations, as it is accessible 24 hours a day and 365 days in a year (Rotchanakitumunai and Speece, 2003). Through this report we will discuss about different countries have different customers perception about e-banking. This research also studies whether service or service quality will influences the trust and willingness of customer for using e-banking. Besides that, we also explore the factors which are taken to assess customer perception toward various application of internet banking. The factors that will be assessed are convenience of account transaction, flexibility, reliability, save time and cost. Internet banking is convenient, no geographical barriers, low cost and isnt bound by operational timings (IAMAIs, 2006). More than 50% of total respondents agreed that e-banking is convenient and flexible ways of banking and it also have a variety of transaction related advantages (Divya and Padhmanabhan, 2008). The purposes of internet banking consist of customer convenience through personalized service, cost containment through decline in operating cost, revenue expansion through better quality and additional non-financial services, and performance enhancement by making the service from any location (Bradley Stewart, 2002; Chau Lai, 2003; Frust et al., 2000; Suganthi Balachandran, 2001). How saving of cost and time affect the p erception of customer toward e-banking are also analyzed. So this research main purpose is to examine the variables of the actual perception of customer toward e-banking. Problem statement This research explores and examines some topics which are important elements that help in consumers perception toward e-banking. Banker should understand the need of customer so that they can improve the insufficient of the services. Banker should find out the way to attract more customers to utilize their services. In line with global trends, most customers are not focusing on this internet application. So, we need to solve this problem regarding the importance of the e-banking among customer in the local area. Customer should learn to use internet banking which can bring conveniences without going to the bank. Then customers will obtain satisfaction with the system when it provides them maximum convenience while bank transaction is occurred. The convenience of internet banking is contributing to changing patterns in cash withdrawal and day to day money management and assisting people gain greater control of their finances (Beer, 2006). On the other hand, there are few factors that lead to this problem occurrence. Firstly, not many people start to use e-banking because they still not trust on the system through internet. They will worry and always have a doubt about whether their money is safe. In addition there are few cases of fraud have been reported in online banking. The hacker wills forgery information by entering person information without the owner knowing and takes out his/her money. Secondly, there are lacks of social contact because internet banking dont have any assistance will be served to customer. It will create difficulty to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. They will easily give up since there are many lack of skill problems occurred when utilizing the systems. Besides that, it is difficult to do survey since there are a lot of public are faced limitation of time, because it may take times to explain to the public. Research objective To identify what influence consumers perception toward e-banking To determine the factors that affecting consumer perception toward e-banking To find out how service quality influences internet banking user To identify the reason why customer use internet banking To solve the problem customer face toward internet banking To increase the knowledge of customer toward internet banking To improve the insufficient of the internet banking services To enhance the loyalty and trust between consumer and e-banking Significance of study This research is contributed to give customers to better understand about e-banking. There are many features and characteristics of the e-banking that many people still no realize about it. Through this research, we will interview a numeral of people and will explain about internet banking to give consumer to better understand the services that already provided to help them to ease their life. For example, CIMB offers CIMB Bank AirAsia Savers Account, a paperless account which customer will directly enjoy the convenience of viewing their account statement online without require a passbook (AirAsia Berhad, 2007-2010). Such a good service provided by bank, customer wont know about it if they no utilize internet banking. This study has combined varieties of factors from past research to study consumers perception toward e-banking. Both practitioners and academics can obtain the advantages by to better understand the consumers perception in the value of internet banking services. Furthermore, they can also identify the deficiency of the service in e-banking through this research so that the service would be improved to match customers requirement. Hence, customer can properly understand and adapt the problem that they face as necessary. In Malaysia, Maybank has become the first bank to introduce internet banking services (Maybank2u.com) and an combined web-based cash management portal on June 1, 2000. The online banking services will allow customer to perform bill payment, banking enquiry functions, funds transfer, credit card payment and accounts summary as well as transaction history (Suganthi, Balachandher and Balachandran, 2001). However, the influence of consumers acceptance e-banking in Malaysia seems more challenging because of the deficiency of information and academic in e-banking. Scope of study The scope of study is only concentrate about consumer area and perception toward e-banking. In this study, the research will be focus on MMU student, CIMB banking users and businessman that will regularly using banking service. The reason that we choose MMU student is because MMU student will often using online banking systems to pay tuition fees, transfer fund to their friends, check for their transaction account anywhere anytime. Apart from this they can teach their parent to use these services since it is very convenience and saving time, especially to those parent that very busy with their work. Besides that, we also focus on CIMB bank users which they can provide some information through interviews or questionnaires. Then, we will determine how depth the respondents understand about internet banking and what their comment regarding e-banking. Through this research we will resolve the inadequate and insufficient of service of internet banking. In addition to this, for sure business man they want to utilize something that very fast, time-saving, and can assist to their business. They can conduct most of their business on the internet and make transactions between their businesses without going to the bank. It can guarantee service quality for users conducting business transactions while utilizing IT applications and infrastructure. Through this research we can ask for some suggestion or any dissatisfied regarding internet banking from different view of business man, CIMB bank users and MMU student. Limitation of the study The extension of this study include there are large amounts of people still dont have the internet connection in their home and some dont know how to use e-banking services which will result in lack of internet banking users. There is a need for public knowledge to deal with computers and browsers since there are a lot of public still unable to use the internet applications. Besides that, it will lead to the difficulty of development of e-banking in the country. Customer may prefer visiting the bank branch because there are lacks of social contact regarding e-banking will creates difficulty to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. Then it may take some time to learn and get to use to internet banking, as it requires a lot of procedures. If banks server down, customer may not access to the website. Secondly, the limitation that I faced is the difficulty of communication with the respondents when interviewing and collecting data for my research. Some of the people will resist for doing the research survey because they thought I wanted to promote or sell something. The thing that I frequently faced is meeting people who reject to answer any question before I start to talk about my research purpose. Organization of research In chapter 1, the main title is introduction which is a beginning section that states the internet banking among difference countries. Background of study explaining what about of a particular topic is placed. Problem statement is focus on the attention of the problem solving team. Research objective is writing about the purpose of this research. In significant of study, I will shift from the particular to the general, and present the importance of the study from target beneficiaries to the people in the community, to the people in the region and nation. Scope of study is focus on the coverage of areas in this research such as student and businessman. The limitation of study is about the restriction that I facing during doing this research. In addition, Chapter 2 is literature reviews. In this chapter reviews and introduces the previous journals related age, income, education, gender, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. I will focus on how these independent variables influence consumers adoption of internet banking. There will be an overview of some journals about consumers adoption toward e-banking will be presented which will used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In Chapter 3 it is about research methodology that including theoretical framework, hypothesis of study, data collection and data analysis. In Theoretical framework, I will suggest the integrative interrelationships among important variables in the research which is includes age, income, education, gender, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. There are four method are used in data analysis, which are frequency distribution, Pearsons correlation coefficient, cross tabulation and descriptive analysis. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction In this chapter 2, I review many journals about this topic in the various area of e-banking. In the 2.2 those journals are investigating about demographic affects the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.3, those journals are investigating the factors that influence the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.4, those journals are investigating about the service or service quality which will influence consumers adoption. In the 2.5, those journals are investigating about influence of trust toward consumers adoption. Demographic According to Kim,Widdows and Yilmazer (2005), age were influencing the attitude of consumers towards internet banking and their ability for learning how to do investment. The younger age groups of consumers are more likely to invest the time to learn to utilize internet banking because this group of consumers can generate more advantages through time saving. Besides that, higher income of consumers will have higher value of time than consumers with lower income, so higher income of the consumer can generate more advantages through adoption of internet banking. More educated consumers may involve fewer training in response to technological change if their general skills facilitate them to be taught the new technology (Bartel and Sicherman, 1998). They also indicated that adoption internet banking of well educated individuals is faster than less educated individuals due to the internet banking, new technology, and warrantees reduction of the time required for money transactions. In Padachi, Rojid and Seetanah (2007) report examined that the younger generation the more they like to utilize the new technological advancements as they are more prefer to adopt e-banking compared to the older generation. Mean age of internet banking users is 45 and 47 for non-internet banking users. Furthermore, the higher of education and income ladder will lead to the greater the probability of customer adopting internet banking. There are 57% of respondent having an education level in the category post graduate and 33% in the category of undergraduate utilizes the service. There are 48% of people using the internet banking that have the income group of Rs 30000 to 49000, which means the higher income earners are more sensible in utilizing internet. In the Jane, Jeanne and Marianne (2004) report explores the discoveries of demographic correlates of technology acceptance have constructed varying results with respect to important relationships to adoption. Men and women show to have dissimilar acceptance rates of specific computer technologies which men will more prefer on adopting technologies application(Gefen and Straub, 1997), but gender appear not to be found to have a direct on adoption of technology in general (Taylor and Todd, 1995; Gefen and Straub, 1997). The research show that the probability of higher income households ($75000 or more) being current users of ABP was 15 points higher than low income households (under $25000) and was more likely to adopt e-banking. However, research examined younger persons are being more likely to adopt which has also linked age and adoption of technologies (Zeithaml and Gilly, 1987; Trocchia and Janda, 2000; Karjaluoto, 2002; Lee, 2002). The research shows that the age of 65 of respond ents were less likely to adopt phone banking and PC banking compared to medium and youngest group. People with married status are more likely to adopt than single males or females because when it comes to bank accounts, married couples may have jointly held accounts. In region variable households living in the northeast were more likely than in the midwest to have adopted or to intend to adopt phone banking or ABP. In the Demographic characteristics of Western Australian users of electronic banking journal published by Catherine, Simone and Katherine (2005) explored that most online banking customers were male while the majority of telephone banking customers were females. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2001 stated that consumers of Western Australia, who are between 18 and 24 years of age, employed, male, have higher levels of education, and higher incomes have been examined to be more likely to use information technology that those are older, unemployed, lower incomes and have lower levels of education. The authors also examined 58.4% of the internet banking users are being in professional, administrative, managerial or para-professional occupations. This is because males in these occupations often utilize technologies such as computers and the internet in the workplace, providing them access to the required hardware and possibly encouraging a preference for online interaction with pr oviders. Filoto, Tanzi and Saita (1997); Jayawardhena and Foley (2000); Thornton and White (2001); Pereira (2002) have found these customers may be on higher incomes due to their more educated and/or highly skilled and therefore they are in occupations that need them to be more practiced at using technology-based service delivery modes. Mitchell (1998) and Tan (1999) stated that education may not be an important aspect for EFTPOS users because transactions are usually performed in retail settings and they involve retail personnel who assist the completion of transactions for consumers. Jayawardhena and Foley (2000), Orenstein (1998) and Thornton and White (2001) argued that online banking consumers are more likely to have higher than average education and they may frequently be students because of their higher exposure to technologies such as internet and computer. Councils on the Ageing (2002) stated that in some studies have recommended that older consumers may be discouraged from the utilization of electronic banking by issues such as limitation of mobility and visibility. In Jun Wu, 2005 report examined that the products and services people purchase varies during the different stages of their lives. The result of demographic age profile in this research shows that the 21 to 29 age group is dominant. Furthermore, consumers that more educated will have more money available to spend because of better education, and this influences their life-styles. Wilkie (1990) stated that it will influences which type of products they purchase, what kind of stores to purchase them in, and what prices they are willing to pay as people achieve higher education. Customers with better educated be likely to have better paying occupations than not well educated customers (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000) because a persons level of education can affect strongly on their ability to create income and their consumer spending potential. Polatoglu and Ekin (2001) explored that high levels of education improve a consumers ability to process more complicated information and make decision s. Income is a famous demographic variable for segmenting markets due to the income levels affect consumer wants and determines their purchasing power (Lamb, 2000). Purchasing power is influenced by inflation, recession, the international valu Advantages of E-banking Advantages of E-banking Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction Nowadays, Malaysia is a multi sector economy and technology development based on the presence of many technological inventions. Traditional banking act as physical bank and delivery channel which to give customers to place or get their money out of the bank safety deposit boxes, managing checking or current accounts, paying cheques drawn by customers. However, e-banking is one of the technological inventions that give conveniences to customers to manage financial transactions on a secure website performed by retail or virtual bank, credit union or building society. E-banking is also called electronic banking which is the automated delivery of new banking services and products directly to customers through electronic, interactive communication channels. It brings many benefits and capabilities to customer compared to traditional banking. E-banking is fast and convenient way of using computer to easy access to the bank in 24hours. E-banking utilizes the internet system as the delivery channel by which to accomplish banking activity, for example, paying bills, transferring funds, viewing checking and savings account balances, paying mortgages and purchasing financial instruments and certificates of deposits (Haque et al, 2009). Internet banking enable customers to access their general information and accounts of bank products and services through PC or other intelligent device using web browser software on 24 hours a day and 7days a week, such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft internet explorer (Mohamad, Hanudin, Suddin, Noren, 2007). The development in information technology have had an tremendous effect in development of more flexible payment methods and more user-friendly banking services in the world of banking (Serkan, Safak, Eda, 2004). There are some features that fall into several categories of internet banking which are transactional, non-transactional, financial institution administration, support of multiple users having varying levels of authority, transaction approval process and wire transfer. In transactional, e-banking act as account and financial transactions, pay bills, wire transfer and apply for loan or new account, investment purchase or sale and others. Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment (EBPP) is an electronic billing which customer can pay bill and receives payment easily, faster, and conveniently over anywhere and any times. Customer perception is interpretation of sensory mind and experienced by customer. The convenience of e-banking are attracted customers and provided no cost charged to customers. Customers have started accepting this internet service and assessing the banks based on their easy to access and convenience. With great confidence toward e-banking, customers are willing uses the internet banking to transfer fund, pay bills, and lot more with a excellent-secured system. It also can establish the relationship between trust and loyalty of customer toward e-banking. Internet banking in USA and Europe The dramatic growth in internet usage has generated a segment of customers with the ability and desire to conduct banking transactions completely online (Mathew and George, 2003). The internet explosion in the late-1990s brings people more convenience with various applications over the web. In the mid-1990s, customers using internet as monetary business transaction over the web as the financial institutions had implemented e-banking. The majority of US-based banks are escalating their investment in technology and hedging their bets while research specifies that a substantial portion of the customer base may always demand the type of personal interaction that can only be provided by individual branch personnel (Alstad, 2002). TowerGroups prediction is highlighted by CRMToday on IT spending by large banks in USA, which the amounts is 24.1 billion in 2004 as compare to 22 billion in 2002. Besides that, many US banks, such as Bank of America and Umpqua Bank are lending from social media channels, offering social networking, pod casting, web casts and other interactive tools. Now competitors can establish an internet bank for as little as $6 million in the USA compared to the cost of setting up a traditional brick and mortar bank (estimated at between $25 and $30 million) (Nathan, 1999). CRMToday (2003a) also stated that without major consumers adoption internet banking would not achieve as profitable as promise although there are increasing in amounts of online banking customers. According to the European Central Bank in 2002 (centeno, 2003), the level of services and its quality differ according to the country and the banks even though all main banks provide internet banking services. Bughin, 2001 investigated that the adoption rate is examined to be averaging only 17% of internet users or less than 6% of total bank customers. The author also stated that there are 60% internet customers do not have subject in buying books, CDs or low valued item through online but are reluctant to create online banking transactions. Furthermore, there are differences of internet banking adoption also existed among some countries in Europe. Around 18-25% of populations in Estonia are utilizing internet banking services whereas Italian bank had about no on-line customers by early 2000, banks in Malta initiated internet banking services in December 2002 (Centeno, 2003). Furthermore, there are differences of adoption among banks within the same country. Bughin (2001) stated an example, a leading banks in France have diffusion rate over 11% while minor bank such as the credit commercial de France have translated only 2% of its customers to online for the same period. Internet banking in Turkey In Turkey, there are over 18% of banking customers using e-banking actively (Jamaluddin, Osman, Sukru and Kemal, 2008). Since 1997 internet banking has been recognized as a feasible alternative distribution channel by Turkish commercial banks due to the deregulation in the financial sector, escalation of computer literacy, the rapid diffusion of electronic commerce, strong commitments to reduce operating costs, changing customer demands for innovative financial products and services and create customer convenience (Hakan, 2008). Due to the low cost of attracting customer to utilize internet banking and retaining existing innovation-demanding customers during the past two decades, most of Turkish commercial banks found it irresistible to invest large amounts in online banking although the customer take up of internet banking appeared to be very slow. In addition, the actual number of utilizing e-banking users appeared to be between 1 and 1.2 million (30%) in 2003 although 2million people (50%) were forecasted to utilize e-banking by 2003 (Akinci, 2004; Celik, 2002; Ozkan, 2003). Furthermore, in turkey the numbers of active internet banking accounts are escalating from 150,000 in 2000 to 5.5 million in 2007 and grew annually by 68 percent (Higgs, 2000). In comparison, although this illustrates that internet banking has experienced strong and sustained growth since its inception, Turkey has a lower internet banking penetration rate than that of many European countries. The research on internet banking by individual customers in the country has been required to improve customers understanding of how their particular beliefs or motives affect their utilization of the services. Internet Banking In Australia Internet banking growth continued rapidly in Australia with a 26 % increase in the internet banking customer population to 5.5 million users (approximately 34% of the adult population) going on over the 12 months to May 2005 (ACNielsen, 2005). The report stated there are over 7.2 million consumers accessed 27 millions accounts in 2003 which is an increase of 31% compared to 16.2% in 2002 (MISC, 2004). The report showed that users are more efficient in utilizing Internet banking services and transacting more amounts utilizing fewer sessions. Furthermore, internet banking services are increasingly attracted among users women and 50+ years age group is the highest growing in all category. There are 54% of Australian adults were utilizing telephone banking and an estimated 25% of employed internet banking after a period of strong electronic banking market development between 1997 and 2002. Small and medium banks in USA provide more user-friendly services than larger banks and achieved well in the area of personal internet banking, and website reliability and transactional capabilities while larger banks in Australia offer more variety services than smaller banks. Nevertheless, small and medium sized banks in Australia have found to provide more user-friendly services than larger banks and are successful in offering personal banking services. Internet Banking In Malaysia Since achieving independence in the 1957 banking activities in Malaysia has changed enormously with appearances of new technology application. In the 1980, the first Automated teller Machines (ATMs) was introduced which was be the most visible piece of evidence of the emerging electronic banking in Malaysia. ATM is a computerized telecommunications device that used for transfer funds between checking, balance enquiry, cash withdrawal, savings and credit card accounts, bill payments, making cash and check deposits and making payments to application for initial public offerings in Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. This technology brought the revolution were longer banking hours which unlimited beyond office hours (BNM Annual Reports, 1985-1997). Apart from this, the next changes in this evolutionary process will be the telebanking and PC-banking in the 1990s. In the early 1990 telebanking was introduced in Malaysia as delivery channel for branch financial services via telecommunications devices connected to an automated system of the bank where customers can perform retail banking transactions through using Automated Voice Response (AVR) technology. The functions of telebanking are almost similar to the ATM services except withdrawal and deposit of cash. Telebanking brings convenience, extended access and significant time saving to the customers. The insufficiency of cash withdrawal function in telebanking leads to the poor customer response to telebanking. In the 1990s, ten local commercial banks are offering PC-banking or home banking services. PC-banking is an online banking device which customer can utilize their computers in anywhere anytime for account transactions by subscribing and dialing into the banks intranet proprietary software system. PC-banking can raise speed, decrease cost and enhance flexibility of business transactions which is more suitable among corporate customers. In the half of 1990, the number of customer that utilizes this service still small. This is because they faced some problems, such as risk in transacting on the internet, lack of trust and loyalty of customer and poor of product and service quality. In this table indicates that frequency of familiarity and usage of using ATM is the highest and PC-banking is the lowest percentage. ATM can attracted all of banking customer to use this service because it really brings convenience to the customer since it can save time, reduce difficulty, and enhance flexibility of business transaction to customers. There are 80% that not using telebanking because this service cant provide any cash withdrawal function. However, PC-banking also faced lack of attraction from banking customers due to the new banking service that introduced to this country, which most of customer still unable to accept this new internet service. When customer utilize PC-banking, they may face some problems, such as risk in transacting on the internet, lack of trust and loyalty of customer and product and service quality. Furthermore, e-banking in Malaysia is become increasingly popular on developments in information technology and telecommunications. In Malaysia internet banking service (IBS) was established in six years ago (The Star, 2005). IBS is a convenience and new physical banking service which is to attain more potential customers as it allows bankers to deliver banking services to a wider segment of customers through electronic and interactive communication channels (Goi, 2005), with 12 domestic banks offering IBS to 4.5million subscribers currently (Bank Negara Malaysia, 2007). So surprisingly internet banking has become one of the popular services with 51 percent out of 8,000 of total respondents once a month. In the beginning, there are 5 Malaysia banks have invested millions of ringgit in online banking but these banks are still functioning as dial up intranet facilities. The online service is still unavailable for customers because of the insufficiency of legal framework and security concerns. The investment may be wasted due to the deficiency of important business understanding to support customer adoption if a bank introduces Internet Banking Services without a clear understanding of factors influencing customer adoption (Goi, 2005; Pires and Aisbett, 2002). In table 1 it illustrates the demographic characteristics of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users among the sample respondents was analyzed. Mean monthly income is the only significant difference appears which it assumed that the internet bank user monthly income is highly than non-internet bank user. It also shows that there is no significant difference between the mean age of the internet bank users and the non-internet bank users. These two groups are equal in percentage of graduates and undergraduates in which both of the groups are nearly about 85%. Background of study The purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the consumers perception toward e-banking. Consumer perception is important to bankers because of that banker can only understand and determine what customer actually wants to and how e-banking service shall satisfy them. There are some variables will be discussed which are affecting the growth of e-banking in Malaysia. From the customers perspective, internet banking assists a convenient and effective approach to control personal finances without visiting the bank and from any locations, as it is accessible 24 hours a day and 365 days in a year (Rotchanakitumunai and Speece, 2003). Through this report we will discuss about different countries have different customers perception about e-banking. This research also studies whether service or service quality will influences the trust and willingness of customer for using e-banking. Besides that, we also explore the factors which are taken to assess customer perception toward various application of internet banking. The factors that will be assessed are convenience of account transaction, flexibility, reliability, save time and cost. Internet banking is convenient, no geographical barriers, low cost and isnt bound by operational timings (IAMAIs, 2006). More than 50% of total respondents agreed that e-banking is convenient and flexible ways of banking and it also have a variety of transaction related advantages (Divya and Padhmanabhan, 2008). The purposes of internet banking consist of customer convenience through personalized service, cost containment through decline in operating cost, revenue expansion through better quality and additional non-financial services, and performance enhancement by making the service from any location (Bradley Stewart, 2002; Chau Lai, 2003; Frust et al., 2000; Suganthi Balachandran, 2001). How saving of cost and time affect the p erception of customer toward e-banking are also analyzed. So this research main purpose is to examine the variables of the actual perception of customer toward e-banking. Problem statement This research explores and examines some topics which are important elements that help in consumers perception toward e-banking. Banker should understand the need of customer so that they can improve the insufficient of the services. Banker should find out the way to attract more customers to utilize their services. In line with global trends, most customers are not focusing on this internet application. So, we need to solve this problem regarding the importance of the e-banking among customer in the local area. Customer should learn to use internet banking which can bring conveniences without going to the bank. Then customers will obtain satisfaction with the system when it provides them maximum convenience while bank transaction is occurred. The convenience of internet banking is contributing to changing patterns in cash withdrawal and day to day money management and assisting people gain greater control of their finances (Beer, 2006). On the other hand, there are few factors that lead to this problem occurrence. Firstly, not many people start to use e-banking because they still not trust on the system through internet. They will worry and always have a doubt about whether their money is safe. In addition there are few cases of fraud have been reported in online banking. The hacker wills forgery information by entering person information without the owner knowing and takes out his/her money. Secondly, there are lacks of social contact because internet banking dont have any assistance will be served to customer. It will create difficulty to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. They will easily give up since there are many lack of skill problems occurred when utilizing the systems. Besides that, it is difficult to do survey since there are a lot of public are faced limitation of time, because it may take times to explain to the public. Research objective To identify what influence consumers perception toward e-banking To determine the factors that affecting consumer perception toward e-banking To find out how service quality influences internet banking user To identify the reason why customer use internet banking To solve the problem customer face toward internet banking To increase the knowledge of customer toward internet banking To improve the insufficient of the internet banking services To enhance the loyalty and trust between consumer and e-banking Significance of study This research is contributed to give customers to better understand about e-banking. There are many features and characteristics of the e-banking that many people still no realize about it. Through this research, we will interview a numeral of people and will explain about internet banking to give consumer to better understand the services that already provided to help them to ease their life. For example, CIMB offers CIMB Bank AirAsia Savers Account, a paperless account which customer will directly enjoy the convenience of viewing their account statement online without require a passbook (AirAsia Berhad, 2007-2010). Such a good service provided by bank, customer wont know about it if they no utilize internet banking. This study has combined varieties of factors from past research to study consumers perception toward e-banking. Both practitioners and academics can obtain the advantages by to better understand the consumers perception in the value of internet banking services. Furthermore, they can also identify the deficiency of the service in e-banking through this research so that the service would be improved to match customers requirement. Hence, customer can properly understand and adapt the problem that they face as necessary. In Malaysia, Maybank has become the first bank to introduce internet banking services (Maybank2u.com) and an combined web-based cash management portal on June 1, 2000. The online banking services will allow customer to perform bill payment, banking enquiry functions, funds transfer, credit card payment and accounts summary as well as transaction history (Suganthi, Balachandher and Balachandran, 2001). However, the influence of consumers acceptance e-banking in Malaysia seems more challenging because of the deficiency of information and academic in e-banking. Scope of study The scope of study is only concentrate about consumer area and perception toward e-banking. In this study, the research will be focus on MMU student, CIMB banking users and businessman that will regularly using banking service. The reason that we choose MMU student is because MMU student will often using online banking systems to pay tuition fees, transfer fund to their friends, check for their transaction account anywhere anytime. Apart from this they can teach their parent to use these services since it is very convenience and saving time, especially to those parent that very busy with their work. Besides that, we also focus on CIMB bank users which they can provide some information through interviews or questionnaires. Then, we will determine how depth the respondents understand about internet banking and what their comment regarding e-banking. Through this research we will resolve the inadequate and insufficient of service of internet banking. In addition to this, for sure business man they want to utilize something that very fast, time-saving, and can assist to their business. They can conduct most of their business on the internet and make transactions between their businesses without going to the bank. It can guarantee service quality for users conducting business transactions while utilizing IT applications and infrastructure. Through this research we can ask for some suggestion or any dissatisfied regarding internet banking from different view of business man, CIMB bank users and MMU student. Limitation of the study The extension of this study include there are large amounts of people still dont have the internet connection in their home and some dont know how to use e-banking services which will result in lack of internet banking users. There is a need for public knowledge to deal with computers and browsers since there are a lot of public still unable to use the internet applications. Besides that, it will lead to the difficulty of development of e-banking in the country. Customer may prefer visiting the bank branch because there are lacks of social contact regarding e-banking will creates difficulty to the customer since in the bank there will be banker which will helps and assists customer needs. Then it may take some time to learn and get to use to internet banking, as it requires a lot of procedures. If banks server down, customer may not access to the website. Secondly, the limitation that I faced is the difficulty of communication with the respondents when interviewing and collecting data for my research. Some of the people will resist for doing the research survey because they thought I wanted to promote or sell something. The thing that I frequently faced is meeting people who reject to answer any question before I start to talk about my research purpose. Organization of research In chapter 1, the main title is introduction which is a beginning section that states the internet banking among difference countries. Background of study explaining what about of a particular topic is placed. Problem statement is focus on the attention of the problem solving team. Research objective is writing about the purpose of this research. In significant of study, I will shift from the particular to the general, and present the importance of the study from target beneficiaries to the people in the community, to the people in the region and nation. Scope of study is focus on the coverage of areas in this research such as student and businessman. The limitation of study is about the restriction that I facing during doing this research. In addition, Chapter 2 is literature reviews. In this chapter reviews and introduces the previous journals related age, income, education, gender, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. I will focus on how these independent variables influence consumers adoption of internet banking. There will be an overview of some journals about consumers adoption toward e-banking will be presented which will used to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In Chapter 3 it is about research methodology that including theoretical framework, hypothesis of study, data collection and data analysis. In Theoretical framework, I will suggest the integrative interrelationships among important variables in the research which is includes age, income, education, gender, convenience, perceived ease of use, reliability, saving time and cost, service or service quality and trust. There are four method are used in data analysis, which are frequency distribution, Pearsons correlation coefficient, cross tabulation and descriptive analysis. Chapter 2: Literature Review Introduction In this chapter 2, I review many journals about this topic in the various area of e-banking. In the 2.2 those journals are investigating about demographic affects the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.3, those journals are investigating the factors that influence the consumers adoption toward e-banking. In the 2.4, those journals are investigating about the service or service quality which will influence consumers adoption. In the 2.5, those journals are investigating about influence of trust toward consumers adoption. Demographic According to Kim,Widdows and Yilmazer (2005), age were influencing the attitude of consumers towards internet banking and their ability for learning how to do investment. The younger age groups of consumers are more likely to invest the time to learn to utilize internet banking because this group of consumers can generate more advantages through time saving. Besides that, higher income of consumers will have higher value of time than consumers with lower income, so higher income of the consumer can generate more advantages through adoption of internet banking. More educated consumers may involve fewer training in response to technological change if their general skills facilitate them to be taught the new technology (Bartel and Sicherman, 1998). They also indicated that adoption internet banking of well educated individuals is faster than less educated individuals due to the internet banking, new technology, and warrantees reduction of the time required for money transactions. In Padachi, Rojid and Seetanah (2007) report examined that the younger generation the more they like to utilize the new technological advancements as they are more prefer to adopt e-banking compared to the older generation. Mean age of internet banking users is 45 and 47 for non-internet banking users. Furthermore, the higher of education and income ladder will lead to the greater the probability of customer adopting internet banking. There are 57% of respondent having an education level in the category post graduate and 33% in the category of undergraduate utilizes the service. There are 48% of people using the internet banking that have the income group of Rs 30000 to 49000, which means the higher income earners are more sensible in utilizing internet. In the Jane, Jeanne and Marianne (2004) report explores the discoveries of demographic correlates of technology acceptance have constructed varying results with respect to important relationships to adoption. Men and women show to have dissimilar acceptance rates of specific computer technologies which men will more prefer on adopting technologies application(Gefen and Straub, 1997), but gender appear not to be found to have a direct on adoption of technology in general (Taylor and Todd, 1995; Gefen and Straub, 1997). The research show that the probability of higher income households ($75000 or more) being current users of ABP was 15 points higher than low income households (under $25000) and was more likely to adopt e-banking. However, research examined younger persons are being more likely to adopt which has also linked age and adoption of technologies (Zeithaml and Gilly, 1987; Trocchia and Janda, 2000; Karjaluoto, 2002; Lee, 2002). The research shows that the age of 65 of respond ents were less likely to adopt phone banking and PC banking compared to medium and youngest group. People with married status are more likely to adopt than single males or females because when it comes to bank accounts, married couples may have jointly held accounts. In region variable households living in the northeast were more likely than in the midwest to have adopted or to intend to adopt phone banking or ABP. In the Demographic characteristics of Western Australian users of electronic banking journal published by Catherine, Simone and Katherine (2005) explored that most online banking customers were male while the majority of telephone banking customers were females. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2001 stated that consumers of Western Australia, who are between 18 and 24 years of age, employed, male, have higher levels of education, and higher incomes have been examined to be more likely to use information technology that those are older, unemployed, lower incomes and have lower levels of education. The authors also examined 58.4% of the internet banking users are being in professional, administrative, managerial or para-professional occupations. This is because males in these occupations often utilize technologies such as computers and the internet in the workplace, providing them access to the required hardware and possibly encouraging a preference for online interaction with pr oviders. Filoto, Tanzi and Saita (1997); Jayawardhena and Foley (2000); Thornton and White (2001); Pereira (2002) have found these customers may be on higher incomes due to their more educated and/or highly skilled and therefore they are in occupations that need them to be more practiced at using technology-based service delivery modes. Mitchell (1998) and Tan (1999) stated that education may not be an important aspect for EFTPOS users because transactions are usually performed in retail settings and they involve retail personnel who assist the completion of transactions for consumers. Jayawardhena and Foley (2000), Orenstein (1998) and Thornton and White (2001) argued that online banking consumers are more likely to have higher than average education and they may frequently be students because of their higher exposure to technologies such as internet and computer. Councils on the Ageing (2002) stated that in some studies have recommended that older consumers may be discouraged from the utilization of electronic banking by issues such as limitation of mobility and visibility. In Jun Wu, 2005 report examined that the products and services people purchase varies during the different stages of their lives. The result of demographic age profile in this research shows that the 21 to 29 age group is dominant. Furthermore, consumers that more educated will have more money available to spend because of better education, and this influences their life-styles. Wilkie (1990) stated that it will influences which type of products they purchase, what kind of stores to purchase them in, and what prices they are willing to pay as people achieve higher education. Customers with better educated be likely to have better paying occupations than not well educated customers (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000) because a persons level of education can affect strongly on their ability to create income and their consumer spending potential. Polatoglu and Ekin (2001) explored that high levels of education improve a consumers ability to process more complicated information and make decision s. Income is a famous demographic variable for segmenting markets due to the income levels affect consumer wants and determines their purchasing power (Lamb, 2000). Purchasing power is influenced by inflation, recession, the international valu